Using data from a survey of 2400 firms in the CCIs in South Africa, this paper examines the extent to which the CCIs in South Africa have transformed in terms of ownership and employment.
The Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) have been put forward by a number of authors as having great potential to create jobs and to be socially inclusive. Since artistic success is defined by individual talent, or merit, the CCIs should be one sector that is especially open to, and appreciative of, social diversity in terms of race, class, cultural group and gender. However, recent studies in both the UK and the US have revealed that employment in the CCIs is heavily dominated by middle class people, and is not nearly as diverse in terms of other characteristics, which is what had been expected. Since the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994, transformation of firm ownership, previously dominated by white people, to include more black, coloured and Indian/Asian-origin South Africans, has been an important part of achieving greater economic equality and social cohesion, as well as being more representative of the cultures of the majority of the population. Using data from a survey of 2400 firms in the CCIs in South Africa, this paper examines the extent to which the CCIs in South Africa have transformed in terms of ownership and employment. Comparisons are also made across the six UNESCO (2009) “Cultural Domains” in terms of ownership, average monthly turnover and the number of full-time, part-time and contract employees. Results show significant transformation in the industry, but that there are statistically significant differences between the Domains, particularly between the less and more commercial sectors. Defining the CCIs using the broad UNESCO definition has the benefit of enabling the examination of these firms as a coherent sector and can raise their profile and importance significantly. However, they consist of a quite disparate group, with important differences in their activities, structure and inclusiveness. CCI policy will need to take these differences into account in order to develop their potential and meet the needs of all parts of the sector. There is also the danger that, with a renewed focus on the economics or financial impact of the CCIs, the smaller, less commercial core sectors will suffer. Statistical analysis demonstrates that CCI funding policy in South Africa is sensitive to advancing the transformation agenda in that more transformed firms were shown to be more likely to have received some form of government grant as part of their income.
